What cause incomplete penetration?

Incomplete penetration in welding can be caused by several factors, including inadequate heat input, improper electrode angle, and insufficient joint preparation. Contaminants on the base material, such as rust or oil, can also hinder proper fusion. Additionally, using the wrong welding technique or speed may lead to insufficient melting of the base metal, resulting in a lack of penetration. Proper training, equipment calibration, and material cleanliness can help mitigate these issues.