How do you avoid widows and orphans?

To avoid widows and orphans in text formatting, ensure that single lines of text at the beginning or end of a paragraph do not stand alone at the top or bottom of a page or column. This can be managed by adjusting line spacing, margins, or the overall layout. Additionally, using software features like "keep lines together" or "keep with next" can help maintain paragraph integrity. Regularly reviewing and adjusting text flow during editing is also crucial.