What keeps surgical equipment sterile?

Surgical equipment is kept sterile through a combination of methods, primarily sterilization processes such as autoclaving, which uses high-pressure steam to eliminate microorganisms. Additionally, equipment is maintained in sterile packaging until use, and the operating room environment is carefully controlled to minimize contamination. Strict protocols, including hand hygiene and the use of sterile gloves by surgical staff, further help to ensure the sterility of the equipment during procedures.