How can a catalytic converter become damaged when in uses?

A catalytic converter can become damaged during use due to factors such as overheating, which can occur from engine misfires or running too rich in fuel. Physical impacts or exposure to contaminants like oil or coolant can also lead to failure. Additionally, prolonged exposure to high levels of lead or sulfur can poison the catalyst, reducing its effectiveness. Regular maintenance and prompt attention to engine issues can help prevent such damage.