How are black codes a violation of the 14th amendment?

Black Codes were laws enacted in the Southern states after the Civil War aimed at restricting the rights and freedoms of African Americans. These codes violated the 14th Amendment, which guarantees equal protection under the law and prohibits states from denying any person the privileges or immunities of citizenship. By enforcing discriminatory practices such as limiting employment opportunities, restricting movement, and curtailing voting rights, Black Codes undermined the constitutional protections intended to ensure equality for all citizens.