Can a car be repossessed one day after a payment was made?

Sure it can, if that payment was not enough to fufill your end of the contract. A car wont be repossessed if it is only a month behind. If you are five months behind, and make one payment, you are still behind... even the next day, when you are only four months behind. One payment may not catch you up.

When you purchased the car, the deal was, likely, that you get to drive the sellers car, (seller still owns it till the final payment is made), and the seller gets money from you at stated time intervals, likely once per month. If you broke your end of the deal, you no longer have a right to drive the car owned by someone else.

Make those payments on time, then you need never worry about the repo man.