How did Gollum live for so long?

Gollum, originally named Sméagol, lived for so long due to the corrupting influence of the One Ring, which he found and became obsessed with. The Ring granted him unnatural longevity but at the cost of his mind and body, transforming him into a creature consumed by his desires and inner conflict. His extended lifespan is a direct result of the Ring's power, which twisted his existence and kept him alive long beyond a normal lifespan.