What are the issues on animal testing on invertebrates?

Animal testing on invertebrates raises ethical concerns regarding their capacity to experience pain and suffering, as well as the validity of using them as models for vertebrate physiology and human health. Invertebrates, such as insects and mollusks, may respond differently to substances than vertebrates, potentially leading to misleading results. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks often lack clear guidelines for the humane treatment of invertebrates, resulting in inconsistent practices. Lastly, the ecological impact of using invertebrates in testing can disrupt local ecosystems and biodiversity.