What is the structure and function of ruminant and non ruminant digestive and excretory systems?

Ruminant digestive systems, like those of cows and sheep, have a complex structure featuring a four-chambered stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) that allows for the fermentation and breakdown of fibrous plant materials through microbial action. This multi-chambered system enables ruminants to efficiently extract nutrients from tough plant matter. In contrast, non-ruminants, such as pigs and humans, possess a simpler single-chambered stomach that specializes in enzymatic digestion, making it more efficient for processing a varied diet. Both systems incorporate intestines for nutrient absorption and have excretory components that remove waste, but ruminants rely heavily on microbial fermentation, while non-ruminants focus on enzymatic digestion.