When rock layers bend or buckle it results in?

When rock layers bend or buckle, it results in the formation of folds, which can create various geological structures such as anticlines and synclines. This deformation typically occurs due to tectonic forces, such as compression, acting on the Earth's crust. The bending can affect the orientation of the rock layers and may also lead to the development of faults if the stress exceeds the rock's strength. Overall, such processes are key to understanding the geological history and structural features of an area.