What is a congenital deficiency of color perception called?

A congenital deficiency of color perception is called color blindness, or more formally, color vision deficiency. It occurs when the cones in the retina, which are responsible for detecting color, do not function properly. The most common types include red-green color blindness and blue-yellow color blindness, often inherited genetically. This condition affects how individuals perceive colors, but it does not typically impact their overall vision.