What might have helped Europe avoid inflation?

To avoid inflation, Europe could have implemented more proactive monetary policies, such as tightening interest rates earlier to curb excessive spending and borrowing. Strengthening supply chains and addressing supply-side constraints could have also mitigated rising costs. Additionally, coordinated fiscal measures across countries to enhance productivity and stabilize energy prices might have reduced inflationary pressures. Lastly, enhancing competition in key sectors could have helped keep prices in check.