How did carnegie try to beat competition?

Andrew Carnegie sought to beat competition primarily through aggressive cost-cutting and innovation in production techniques. He implemented the Bessemer process for steel manufacturing, which significantly lowered production costs and improved quality. Additionally, Carnegie focused on vertical integration, acquiring control over every aspect of the steel supply chain, from raw materials to transportation, thereby reducing dependency on outside suppliers and increasing efficiency. His strategic investments in technology and infrastructure allowed him to offer lower prices and dominate the steel market.