It is completely acceptable to use sub-headings and bullet points in academic writing, even when you are asked to write an essay. Too often essay is confused with the compositions we were asked to write at school, but they are a very different thing from the structured writing you are now undertaking. It makes it very much easier for yourself and your reader if it is possible to quickly assimilate the structure of your work by quickly glancing through the sub-headings and bullet-points. Very often this quick assessment of content will enable the reader to decide whether or not to read the piece, though of course with assessed work it will always be read and commented on.
When you are working with a limited Word count, bullet points can be invaluable. They avoid the need to write fully grammatical sentences, and enable you to make your point succinctly.
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