How is tubal ligation done on female dogs?

Tubal ligation in female dogs involves surgically severing and sealing the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy while retaining the ovaries and uterus. The procedure is typically performed under general anesthesia and requires an abdominal incision to access the reproductive organs. After the tubes are ligated, the incision is closed with sutures. This method is less common than spaying, which removes the ovaries and uterus entirely.