What was the most significant intellectual or cultural trend of the late nineteenth century?

The most significant intellectual trend of the late nineteenth century was the rise of modernism, which encompassed a broad range of artistic and literary movements that sought to break away from traditional forms and conventions. This period also saw the emergence of new scientific theories, such as Darwinism, which challenged established religious and philosophical beliefs. Additionally, the influence of industrialization and urbanization prompted critical social critiques and the exploration of individual consciousness in literature. Together, these shifts fostered a spirit of experimentation and a reevaluation of human experience in a rapidly changing world.