How did the Paris commune and the Dreyfus affair heighten divisions in France?

The Paris Commune of 1871, a radical socialist government, intensified divisions in France by polarizing opinions between the left and right, leading to a backlash against socialist movements. The Dreyfus Affair, which involved the wrongful conviction of a Jewish army officer for treason, further deepened societal rifts by exposing deep-seated anti-Semitism and highlighting the conflict between republican values and militarism. Both events ignited passionate debates about national identity, class struggle, and civil rights, ultimately fracturing French society along ideological lines.