What gates are used in AES?

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) primarily uses substitution and permutation operations, which are implemented through specific logical gates. The key operations include the SubBytes transformation (using S-boxes for substitution), ShiftRows (a permutation), MixColumns (a matrix multiplication operation), and AddRoundKey (XOR operation). The S-box can be constructed using combinational logic gates, while the MixColumns operation is typically executed using finite field arithmetic. Overall, AES relies on a combination of XOR gates, AND gates, and other basic logical gates to perform its encryption and decryption processes.