What are the disadvantages of function and macro?

Functions can introduce overhead due to the need for function calls, which may impact performance, especially in tight loops. They also require a fixed return type, limiting flexibility. On the other hand, macros can lead to code bloat and obscure debugging, as they do not respect scope and can result in unexpected behaviors due to text substitution. Additionally, macros lack type safety, which can lead to runtime errors that are harder to trace.