What are the disadantages of the hyperdermic needle theory?

The hypodermic needle theory, also known as the magic bullet theory, suggests that media messages are directly and powerfully injected into individuals, shaping their thoughts and behaviors. However, this theory oversimplifies the complexity of media effects by disregarding individual differences, personal interpretations, and the role of social contexts in influencing audience responses. It also fails to account for the diverse ways people engage with media messages and the active role audiences play in selecting, interpreting, and responding to media content.