How stenosed and incompetent valve can be distinguished using a stethoscope?

A stenosed valve typically produces a characteristic "click" or a "crescendo-decrescendo" murmur during systole due to narrowed opening, while an incompetent valve generates a "holosystolic" or "regurgitant" murmur, often described as a "whooshing" sound that occurs throughout systole. The timing and quality of the sounds help differentiate between the two conditions. Additionally, the location and radiation of the murmurs can provide further clues, with stenosis often localized and incompetence potentially radiating to other areas.