Contaminated mucus is removed from the lower respiratory passageways such as the trachea by what?

Contaminated mucus in the lower respiratory passageways, such as the trachea, is primarily removed by ciliated epithelial cells. These cells have tiny hair-like structures called cilia that move in a coordinated, wave-like motion to push mucus and trapped particles upward toward the throat. This process is part of the mucociliary escalator, which helps keep the airways clear of debris and pathogens. Additionally, coughing can aid in expelling mucus from the respiratory system.