What causes upwilling?

Upwelling is caused by a combination of factors, primarily wind patterns and the Earth's rotation. When winds blow along the coast, they push surface water away from the shore, allowing deeper, colder, and nutrient-rich water to rise to the surface to replace it. This process is enhanced by the Coriolis effect, which causes moving water to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Upwelling is crucial for marine ecosystems as it brings nutrients that support high biological productivity.