What is attached to surface of pathogens?

Pathogens typically have various structures attached to their surfaces, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which can include adhesins, pili, and fimbriae. These components help pathogens adhere to host cells, evade the immune system, and facilitate infection. Additionally, some pathogens possess surface antigens that can trigger immune responses, while others may have protective capsules to enhance their virulence.