What was life like before the submarine?

Before the invention of submarines, naval warfare and exploration were primarily conducted on the surface of the water, limiting strategic options and the ability to operate stealthily. Ships were vulnerable to enemy attacks and environmental challenges, often relying on wind for movement and facing difficulties in deep-sea navigation. Underwater exploration was virtually nonexistent, as the technology to withstand pressure and navigate submerged waters had not yet been developed. Overall, maritime activities were constrained and less dynamic compared to the capabilities introduced by submarines.