What are the 4 dynamic Italian markings?

The four dynamic Italian markings are piano (p), meaning soft; forte (f), meaning loud; mezzo piano (mp), meaning moderately soft; and mezzo forte (mf), meaning moderately loud. These markings indicate the desired volume level for musical performance, guiding musicians on how to expressively play a piece. Additionally, crescendo and decrescendo are often used to indicate gradual increases or decreases in volume, respectively.