What operates the brakes?

Brakes are typically operated by a hydraulic system that uses brake fluid to transmit force from the brake pedal to the brake components at the wheels. When the driver presses the brake pedal, it compresses the brake fluid in the master cylinder, which then activates the brake calipers or wheel cylinders, applying friction to the brake pads or shoes. This friction slows down or stops the vehicle. In some systems, such as those found in electric vehicles, regenerative braking can also play a role by converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy while slowing the vehicle.