Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via spores and include three main groups: ferns, horsetails, and clubmosses. Ferns are characterized by their broad, feathery leaves known as fronds. Horsetails have jointed stems and are often found in wet environments, while clubmosses resemble small conifers and have a more primitive structure. Each group exhibits unique reproductive and morphological traits that distinguish them within the pteridophyte category.
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