Which muscles are severely affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) primarily affects the skeletal muscles, particularly those involved in movement, such as the proximal muscles of the hips, thighs, and shoulders. It also significantly impacts the heart muscle (cardiac) and the diaphragm, which is crucial for breathing. As the disease progresses, weakness spreads to other muscle groups, leading to severe mobility impairment and respiratory difficulties.