How fast do water and nutrients move up the stem of a carnation?

Water and nutrients move up the stem of a carnation primarily through a process called transpiration, which creates a negative pressure that pulls water upward from the roots through the xylem. This movement can occur at rates of up to several feet per hour, depending on factors like temperature, humidity, and the plant's overall health. The efficiency of this process allows the carnation to maintain turgor pressure and deliver essential nutrients to its tissues effectively.