What was the eventual fate of rosencrantz and guildenstern and how did it happen?

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern ultimately meet their demise when they are sent to England with a letter ordering the execution of Hamlet. Unbeknownst to them, Hamlet discovers this plot and alters the letter, leading to the execution of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern instead. Their fate underscores the themes of betrayal and the tragic consequences of manipulation in Shakespeare's play.