What were the contributions and achievements of African kingdom?

African kingdoms made significant contributions in various fields, including trade, culture, and governance. Kingdoms like Mali and Songhai were renowned for their wealth and centers of learning, exemplified by the famous city of Timbuktu, which became a hub for scholars and trade. They also Excelled in agriculture, Metallurgy, and the arts, producing intricate textiles, sculptures, and oral traditions that preserved history and culture. Additionally, these kingdoms played vital roles in trans-Saharan trade, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between Africa and the wider world.