Who owned farmland during the NEP?

During the New Economic Policy (NEP) in Soviet Russia, which was implemented from 1921 to 1928, farmland was primarily owned by private individuals and small-scale farmers, known as kulaks. The NEP allowed for a degree of private ownership and market-oriented reforms after the strict policies of War Communism. While the state retained control over major industries, agriculture was largely decentralized, and peasants could sell their surplus produce in local markets. This period marked a temporary retreat from complete state control, allowing for economic recovery.