Which ions resulted in the arrhythmia of the frog heart?

Arrhythmia in the frog heart is often associated with imbalances in key ions, particularly potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and sodium (Na+). Elevated levels of potassium can lead to hyperkalemia, causing a decrease in resting membrane potential and disrupting normal cardiac rhythm. Conversely, alterations in calcium levels affect the contractility and electrical stability of the heart. An imbalance of these ions can disrupt the pacemaker activity and conduction system, leading to arrhythmias.