How can you measure resistance without a measurement device?

The simple answer is you can't. However, there may be other ways to calculate it.

If you know the voltage rating (E) and wattage rating (P, for Power) of the item, such as a light bulb, you can calculate the expected current (I) of the item using the formula P = IxE and then substituting the current into the formula E = IxR to calculate the resistance (R). Simple high school algebra will solve these equations.

If an item is not rated in watts it may be rated in volt-amps (VA) which can be used in the same formulas in the place of P.

Some items, such as flourescent lamps, motors, electronics, anything with a ballast, etc. etc., are not purely resistive so calculating resistance is meaningless for practical purposes.