In the fifth century BC, Athens was characterized by a direct democracy where citizens participated actively in decision-making, emphasizing individual rights and civic participation. In contrast, Sparta operated under an oligarchic system led by a dual monarchy and a council of elders, prioritizing military discipline and communal living over individual freedoms. While Athens focused on culture, philosophy, and trade, Sparta emphasized military training and societal stability. These contrasting systems reflected their differing values and priorities in governance and society.
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