What does the words internal and external text structure mean in literary terms?

External text structures can help you read and understand informational (or expository) text.

A text may contain multiple external text structures, such as:

Underlined Words

Headings and Subheadings

Illustrations (graphics, images, maps, diagrams, etc.)

Italics/Bold Text

Definitions (within text, usually in parentheses, or in the footer or margin of a page)

Internal

When you are reading informational text, you will notice that authors use many different text structures or organizational patterns to organize their information. The following chart lists signal Words, definitions, and examples of some of the most common text structures you will encounter when reading informational text:

Text Structure

Signal Words

Definition

Example

Cause and Effect

so that, because of, thus, unless, since, as a result, then, reasons for, consequently, explanation for, nevertheless, thus, accordingly

The writer explains the reasons for an event or phenomenon.

So many Bald Eagles were killed by pesticides and illegal hunting. They were in danger of becoming extinct.

Comparison/ Contrast

different from, same as, alike, similar to, unlike, but, as well as, yet, either…or, compared to, in contrast, while, although, unless, however

The writer discusses the similarities and differences of two ideas, objects, or processes.

Golden Eagles are apt to hunt for prey while Bald Eagles are more likely to take an easy meal.

Enumeration or Listing

to begin with, first, second, in addition, next, then, last, finally, another, also, most important

The writer presents information in a structure that resembles an outline. It is often presented in bulleted format.

1. Golden Eagles are Birds of Prey.

2. Golden Eagles search for prey.

3. Golden Eagles swoop through the air to attack their prey.

Sequential or Chronological ~ Process

first, second, third, now, before, after, then, next, finally, following, while, meanwhile, last, during, not long, when, on date

The writer presents a series of events or explains a procedure or process in the order they happen.

First, Golden Eagles soar high along ridges near their nests. Then, they search for prey. When a meal is spotted, they attack in a long swoop.

Concept/ Definition

is, for example, involves, can be, defined, an example, for instance, in fact, also, contain, make up

The writer introduces an idea and explains what it is.

Golden Eagles are powerful raptors with large dark brown bodies and small heads with golden crowns.

Generalization/ Description

is, for example, involves, can be, defined, an example, for instance, in fact, also, contain, make up

The writer explains phenomenon and processes by listing examples and unique characteristics.

Golden Eagles are birds of prey.