What are the effects of a volcano on animals?

Volcanoes can have significant effects on animals, both positive and negative. The eruption can lead to immediate dangers such as lava flows, ash fall, and toxic gases, which can result in loss of life or habitat destruction. In the long term, volcanic activity can create new landforms and ecosystems, potentially providing new habitats and food sources for some species. However, the recovery of animal populations can take years, depending on the severity of the eruption and the resilience of the local ecosystem.