How did the towns people protect themselves in the mieval times?

In medieval times, townspeople protected themselves primarily through the construction of fortified walls and gates, which served as barriers against invaders. They often formed militias or local defense groups to respond to threats, and many towns had Watchmen or guards to keep watch for danger. Additionally, some towns created alliances with neighboring communities for mutual defense, and they could also rely on the lord or local nobility for military support when needed.