How did the bands in the rock in the figure form?

The bands in rock typically form through the process of sedimentation, where layers of sediment accumulate over time. These layers can consist of various materials such as minerals, organic matter, and volcanic ash. As pressure builds over time, these sediments compact and solidify, leading to the formation of distinct bands that can vary in color and composition. Geological processes such as erosion and tectonic activity can further expose and alter these bands, contributing to their visibility in rock formations.