How do chondrichthyes fertilize?

Chondrichthyes, which include sharks and rays, primarily possess internal fertilization. During mating, males use specialized structures called claspers to transfer sperm into the female's reproductive tract. After successful fertilization, females may give birth to live young (ovoviviparous or viviparous species) or lay eggs (oviparous species), depending on the specific species. This reproductive strategy allows for greater protection of the developing embryos in a variety of environments.