Which phyla are more closely related to each other Sponges cnidarians flatworms roundworms arthropods mollusks annelids echinoderms or chordates?

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2026-02-22 07:25

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Sponges (Porifera) are the most basal and diverge early in the evolutionary tree, making them more distantly related to the other phyla. Cnidarians (such as jellyfish and corals) share a closer relationship with the bilaterians, which include flatworms, roundworms, arthropods, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms, and chordates. Among these, arthropods, mollusks, and annelids are more closely related to each other and form a clade known as Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. Echinoderms and chordates are grouped within the Deuterostomia, indicating a closer evolutionary relationship between them compared to the remaining phyla.

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