The massive movement of people fleeing the dissolved Russian and Ottoman empires after the First World War actually began the scholarly and political conversation about refugees. In 1921 the League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was established in response to large numbers of refugees from the war. The UN's Refugee Agency (UNHCR) is that organizations decedent.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1938/nansen-history.html
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