How does celiac disease become active?

Celiac disease becomes active when a genetically predisposed individual consumes gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. In susceptible individuals, gluten triggers an inappropriate immune response that damages the lining of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and malabsorption of nutrients. This autoimmune reaction can be activated by various factors, including changes in diet, gut microbiome, infections, or increased intestinal permeability. Once activated, the disease can cause a range of gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms.