What group was negatively affected by the land ordinance?

The Land Ordinance of 1785 negatively affected Indigenous peoples, as it facilitated the systematic surveying and sale of land in the Northwest Territory, often without regard for Native American land rights. This led to increased encroachment on their territories, displacement, and loss of resources, as settlers moved in and established claims to lands that Indigenous groups had inhabited for centuries. The ordinance contributed to a pattern of land dispossession and conflict between settlers and Native populations.