What are arguments for and against medical testing on humans?

Arguments for medical testing on humans include the potential to advance medical knowledge, improve treatments, and ensure the safety and efficacy of new drugs and therapies. It allows researchers to gather data that can only be obtained from human subjects, ultimately benefiting public health. Conversely, arguments against it highlight ethical concerns, such as the risk of harm to participants, the potential for exploitation, and the necessity of informed consent. Additionally, some argue that alternative testing methods, like simulations and animal studies, can reduce the need for human trials.