Calcium is important in building dense, strong bones in children; and in keeping bones healthy and strong in adults. A calcium deficiency may get in the way of proper blood clotting; and may bring on rickets; and osteoporosis, and therefore higher risk of bone breaks, in menopausal women. A calcium excess, ka over-retention, may get in the way of proper kidney functions, and mineral absorption; and may lead to too high levels of calcium in the blood. Vitamin D helps in the proper absorption of calcium, and phosphorus, from food in the intestines, into the blood. It also helps in the proper re-absorption of calcium, into the kidneys. A vitamin D deficiency may lead to liver, kidney or hereditary disorders. As with calcium deficiency, it may lead to such bone-softening diseases as rickets in children. A vitamin D excess, ka toxicity, is rarely the result of diet.
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