Two costs of violence are costs to the victim and costs to the assailant. What is a third cost of violence?

A third cost of violence is the societal impact, which includes increased healthcare expenses, loss of productivity, and the strain on law enforcement and judicial systems. Communities affected by violence often experience diminished quality of life, reduced property values, and heightened fear, which can lead to long-term social instability. Additionally, the ripple effects can hinder economic development and community cohesion.