What mechanism is used to detect avoid and correct data transmission collisions in Layer 2 such as Ethernet and WiFi?

In Layer 2, Ethernet uses the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) mechanism to detect and manage collisions during data transmission. When a device wants to send data, it first listens to the network to check if the channel is clear. If a collision is detected, the devices involved stop transmitting and wait for a random backoff period before attempting to resend the data. WiFi, on the other hand, employs Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), which uses acknowledgment frames and a waiting strategy to minimize the chances of collisions before transmission occurs.