The poem is a dedication to the struggle of Oscar Wilde, the Irish-born Victorian writer who was sent to prison for homosexuality. Housman equates punishing a person for his sexual orientation with the barbarity and injustice of punishing a person for "the colour of his hair." Neither one is something a person can control, and neither is something one should be ashamed of (according to Housman's poem).
For a full understanding of the symbolism here, a person must know about the following:
1. Victorian social codes (Homosexuality was an inexcusable abomination.)
2. Oscar Wilde's life
3. Victorian vocabulary used in this poem (poll = hair, oakum = rope, etc)
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